Reported speech second part

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-What were you doing last night? the noise was terrible

-I discovered a way of sending messages to other planets

-I can not hear What did he say?

-He said he would discovered a way of sending messages to other planets

Reported speech is to tell somebody what a person said to you. When you use reported speech you do two things: you go back a tense and you change the pronouns.

Speaker                                        Reporter 

I am tired                                      He said he was tired

I can not hear                               She said she could not hear                     

I will go to the shop                       He said he would do to the shop 

You already know that the present changes to the past. 

Look what happens to the past simple

Speaker                                        Reporter

I was in the lab                              He said he would been in the lab

I inverted a massage Andres        He said he would invented a Massage Andres

I worked all night                          He said he would worked all night

:::::::::

Change the present perfect to the past perfect, too.

Speaker                                        Reporter

I have been awake all night            He said that he would been awake all night 

I have built a machine                    He said he would built a machine 

:::::

When you use reported speech some words change. 

Learn these ones:

Speaker                    Reporter

Today                        That day

Yesterday                   The day before

Tomorrow                  The next day

This week                  That day

Next week                 The following week

Last week                  The week before

This                            That

These                         Those

I saw him earlier today            He sad he would seen him earlier that day

I left my book here                 He said he would left his book there

I will see you next week         She said she would see me the following week

:::::::::::::::::::::

These are object pronouns:

    Me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them

For example

         

Andres told me he would spoken to lost of astronomers. He told them that he was building a massage-sending machine. They told him they were interested in his ideas. He told them that the machine. They told him they were interested in his ideas. He told them that the machine was not ready yet. He told me he wanted to change to design.

You often use the verb tell (told) in reported speech, there is a difference between tell and say (said). Always put a person´s name or an object pronoun after tell. Never put an object pronoun after say.

He told me he had work to do                Not                He told he had work to do

He said he had work to do                     Not                He said me he had work to do

She told Andres she was going out         Not                 She told she was going out

She said she was going out                     Not                 She said Andres she was going out

 

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Reported speech

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I am ill, please tell mum

OK

What did he say?

He said that he was ill. Do not worry I will look after him

It worked! She believed

Reported speech is to tell somebody what a person said to you. Look:

        Monica says to Andres:

        I am ill. "(Normal speech)"    

        Andres says to Monica mum:

        He said that he was ill. (Reported speech)

This is important. if you remember this, reported speech will be easy. When you use reported speech, you go back a tense. Look:

        Speaker                        Reporter

        I am ill                            He said that he was ill

        I want some milk            She said that she wanted some milk 

        We like chocolate           They said that they liked chocolate

In reported speech the verbs can and will change to could and would 

        I can not go to school                 He said he could not go to school

        We will stay at home                   They said they would stay at home

:::

When you use reported speech you have to change the pronouns. Look:

    I can not move my arms

    He said he could not move hit arms

    I want your sweets

    She said she wanted my sweets 

What is the difference ?

You can use that reported speech, but it does not matter if you leave it out.

    

    Monica said he was ill.

    Monica said that he was ill

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Third Conditional

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15 April 1912

Who was one of the luckiest men in the world on that day?

Mr J.P. Morgan. He was the owner of the great ship Titanic 

which hit an iceberg and sank that night in the cold waters of 

the Atlantic Ocean. About 1,500 people drowned. Mr Morgan 

has a ticket for the journey but he did not go because he had to be 

at a meeting. If I had gone, he would have been in one of the 

biggest disasters of the twentieth century.

 

Third Conditional sentences are to talk about things that did or did not happen in the past. They have two halves. Look:

    If  Half                                                     Would/would not  have half

If he had not had a business meeting,             He would have done on the ship

If he had gone on the ship,                             He would have seen it sink

If the Titanic had not hit an iceberg                 It would not have sunk 

The IF half of third conditionals is to talk about things that have already happened. It is too late to change these things.

    Use had + past participle

        If the titanic had not sunk, people would not have drowned

        (But if did sink.)

        If there had been more, lifeboats, fewer people would have drowned

        (But there were not more lifeboats.)

:::::::

The would / would not have half of third conditional is to say what would have happened if things had been different in the IF half of sentence. Use would/would not have + past participle. Look: 

    If the ship had not hit an iceberg, it would mot have sunk

    = It did sink It sank because it hit an iceberg

    If the ship had not sunk, people would not have drowned

    = People did down, They drowned because the ship sank 

Usually in third conditional sentences the IF half comes first, but you can put it second. It means the same thing. Look:

        The titanic would not have sunk if it had not hit an iceberg 

        = If the Titanic had not hit an iceberg, it would not have sunk

        People would not have drowned if the Titanic had not sunk

        =It the Titanic had not sunk, people would not have drowned 

Put a comma (,) in the middle of the sentences when the IF half comes first. You do not need a comma when it comes second. 

More Third Conditional examples:

One I forgot to set my alarm clock so I overslept

If I had not overslept,  I would not have missed the school bus.

If I had not been late for school bus, I would not have been late for school. If I had not been late for school, I would not have missed my Maths lesson

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Second conditional present and past

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If I were a rabbit, I would not have to go to school!

That is true, but you are not a rabbit and you are late, so go.

You can use second conditional sentences to talk about the future, they are to talk about things that you  do not think will happen.

They have two halves.

If half (past simple)            Would / would not half 

If I went to the moon,         I would build a house there.

= I go to the moon,             I build a house 

If i met a monster                I am not scared 

You can also use second conditional to talk about the present there are to talk about things that are not possible now. Look:

            If i had a lot of money. I would go to the cinema every day.

            (But I have nor got a lot of money now, so I can not)

            If I did not have to go to school, I would read comics all day

            (But I have to go to school, so I can not)

:::

What is the difference?

Be careful! the verb BE behaves strangely in second conditional sentences. You can use WERE/WERE or was/was not for I, he, she and it, look:

            If I were a rabbit, I would run in the fields all day

            If I was a rabbit, I would run in the fields all day

        (But I am not a rabbit, so I do not)

            If Andres were not so lazy, he would get more done

        (but he is lazy, so he does not)

People often uses WERE after I, especially to tell somebody what they think they should do. They say If I were you. Look

            If I were you. I would take more exercise

        = I think you should take more exercise

            If I were you, I would go on holiday more often

        = I think you should go on holiday more often 

 

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Second conditional 

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I am scared of anything. If I saw a ghost, I would speak to him. 

If I met a monster, I would invite him to lunch.

If I found a dinosaur. I would 

AAARGGGH!

Andres do not ever do that again!

You can use second conditional sentences to talk about the future.

They have two halves Look:

   IF half                                                Would/ would not half

   If I went to the moon,                          I would build a house there

   = I go to the moon.                              I build a house

   If I found a dinosaur                            I would not be scared 

   = I find a dinosaur                               I am not scared

The IF half of second conditionals is to imagine things that might happen in the future. You do not think that these things will happen.

Use the past simple 

    If I saw a ghost,...

    = I am imagining a time in the future when I might see a ghost.

        I do not think that I will ever see a ghost.

     If I found a dinosaur,.....

        I am imagining a time in the future when I might find a dinosaur.

        I do not think that I will ever find a dinosaur 

The would/would not half of second conditionals ins to say what you will do in the future if the IF half of the sentences happens.

    If I saw a ghost, I would speak to him.

    (I would speak to him. = If in the future I see a ghost, I will speak to him).

    If I become a millionaire, I would give all my money away.

    ( I would give all my money away. = If in the future I am a millionaire,

    I will give my money away).

:::::::::::::::::::::::::.

Usually in second conditional sentences the IF half comes first, but you can put if second. If means the same thing. Look:

    I would buy a new bicycle if I found a lot of money. 

    = If I found a lot of money, I would buy a new bicycle.

    Monica would feel ill if he ate a hundred sweets, he would feel ill.

Put a comma (,) in the middle of the sentence when the if half comes first. You do not need a comma when it comes second.

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First Conditional

First Conditional - First Conditional  

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-Well done, Monica full marks 

-You cheated, did not you? 

- If she finds out she will punish you!

- Oh, be quiet!

- If you do not tell her you cheated, I will tell her!

- Do not be stupid!

- If you do not tell her you cheated, I will kiss you!

- Cheated! Cheated!

First conditional sentences are to talk about the future

They have two halves

  If half                                          Will/won´t half

  If She finds out,                           She will punish you

  = She finds out                            You get a punishment

  = She does not out                      You do not get a punishment

If it rains tomorrow,                       I won´t go out

= It rains                                       I do not go out

   It does not rain                           I go out.                       

:::::::::::::::::::::::::

The IF half of first conditionals is to talk about things that may or may not happen in the future

Use the present simple

  If she finds out.....

  = Perhaps she will find out, perhaps she won`t.

  I do not know.

  If it is sunny tomorrow

  = Perhaps it will be sunny, perhaps it won`t.

  I do not know.

Usually in first conditional sentences the IF half comes first, but you can pun it second. It means the same things. Look:

   I will tell the teacher if you cheat again.

   = If you cheat again, I will tell the teacher.

  I won`t go wind-surfing if rains tomorrow.

  = If it rains tomorrow, I won`t go wind-surfing

The will/won`t half of first conditionals is to say what you will do in the future. You do the things because of what happens in the IF half of the sentences. Look:

   If you tell the teacher, I will never speak to you again

   (I will never speak to you again = I will never speak to you again because you have told the teacher)

   If it rains tomorrow. I won`t go to the beach.

   (I won`t go to the beach = I won`t go to the beach because it `s raining 

   

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.

Verb patterns

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I hate going to school.

I am always hungry at school

I think Andres can help you

Yes, I can! I have decided to make

chocolate paper. You can take it to school 

and eat it in class

Some verbs usually have an ING form after them. Other verbs usually have to base verb after them.

    I like playing games

    I want to play outside

 

It is a good idea to learn these verbs now so you won´t need to learn them later!

Use an ING form after these verbs:

   Enjoy   like   love   hate   finish   go   stop

  Andres hates going to school

  He loves swimming.

  Stop making so much noise, Andres?

Use to + base verb after these verbs:

   Decide, forget, hope, learn, need, promise, want, would like, would love, would hate

Oh dear, Andres is learning ski!

He promises to do his homework every day.

Andres would love to eat chocolate paper every day.

He would hate to live with Mabel.

I can tock to any companies to get a job

exercises verb patterns

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ING forms

ING

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What is the best thing in the world?

Fishing?

Inventing machines?

Sleeping?

No, you are all wrong!

Eating mud pies in the best thing in the world.

ING forms are a way of changing a verb into a noun.

You can use them to talk about things you do.

   Reading is fun = It´s fun to read

   I am good at cooking = I can cook well.

   Andres likes fishing = Andres likes to fish

::::

It is easy to make an ING form:

   Base verb + ING

Cook   --->   Cooking      Talk   ---->   Talking

Read   --->   Reading        Drink   --->   Drinking

:::::

Be careful! Some verbs end in e. take away e and add ING

Write   --->   Writing   Make   --->   Making

Smile   --->   Smiling   Ride   --->   Riding

Learn the spelling of these ING forms

Swim   --->   Swimming      Run   --->   Running 

Sit   --->   Sitting      Dig   --->   Digging

Cut   --->   Cutting      Begin   --->   Beginning 

::::::::

Always use an ING form (or a noun) after prepositions. Ej In, At, With

He is interested in reading.

She is good at doing Maths

ING forms can be the subject or object of a sentence. Look:

Swimming is fun.( Subject )

Andres does not like working ( Object ) 

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Causative

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Monica here is some money go and have you hair cut. It is too long

I have got an idea

Well, the good news is that I had my hair cut and it did not cost anything...

-And the bad news is that Andres cut it

Have something done

You can use the expression "Have something done" to say that somebody does something for you. 

Usually they are things that are difficult to do yourself or you do not want to do yourself.

   I have my hair cut once a month

   = Somebody cuts my hair for me once a month 

   My dad has his car serviced twice a year

   = The garage services the car for him

Remember

there are things called past participles. You need them to make sentences like the ones below. You know most

past participles but learn any you do not know. 

   Have + Object + past participle

I have my hair cut

I have my teeth checked

We have the car serviced

My mum has her house cleaned

She has her shirts ironed

Dad has the car tires checked

You can use "have something done" with all tenses. Look:

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Voz pasiva en ingles segunda parte

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Nearly. When I went to check,

the fireworks were being prepared and the food

was being cooked. I think the decorations

are being put up now,

You can use the passive If you do not know who does something or it is not important who does it. 

 

   Andres and Monica often organise parties = Active

   (I know that Andres and Monica often organise parties)

   

   Parties are often organised = Passive

   (I do not know who organises the parties, or pt is not important who organises them,) 

Sometimes whe you use the passive, you want to give more information. If you want to say who does the action, you can use by + person. Look:

  Andres´parties is organised by Monica

  The fireworks are provided by the Maria Firework Company

  The food is prepared by the mud pie coffee

  
Presente continuo pasivo

Make the present continuous passive with the present continuous of be + past participle

  The surprise party is being arranged

  Presents are being wrapped

  The music is being recorded

Past continuous passive 

Make the past continuous passive with the past continuous of be + past participle

   At six o´clock yesterday, the cake was being decorated

   The present were being wrapped

   The streets of Monica were being cleaned

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voz pasiva en ingles

Voz pasiva

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You can use the passive if you do not know who does something or is not important who does it.

   Andres Invented the Dog-Walking Machine. = Active 

   (I know that Andres Invented the Dog-Walking- Machine.)

   The Dog-walking Machine was invented in 1999.= Passive

   (I do not know who invented the machine, or it is not important who invented it.)

There are past participles. You need them to make the passive, you know most past participles but check the list on page 218 and learn any you do not know.

   Eaten, sold, found, invented, seem, shown 

::::::::::::::::::::::.

The passive is quite easy to make. Use the correct tence of be + past participle.

   This is the present simple passive: Lots of machine are sold at the conference every year.

   This is the past simple passive: Lots of machines were sold at the conference every year.

   This is the present perfect passive: Lots of machines have been sold at the conference every year.

   This is the future simple passive: Lots of machines will be sold at the conference every year

::::::.

Something when you use the passive, you want to give more information.

If you want to say who does the action, you can use By + person. Look:

   The conference is organized by the Inventors´ Society.

   The underwater Motorbike was invented by Dr Quixit. 

   The electronic mouse-catcher has been bought by the inventors´ Club.

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Going to - Will

Going to - Will

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What do you usually think if you see a friend packing a suitcase? In the suitcase there are sunglasses, travel books and sun cream. You think they are going to go on holiday: It is not unusual.

Lots of people do it every year.

But did you know that in thirty years time you won´t go on holiday to Spain, or Italy, or even the Caribbean. Why not? Because you will go on holiday to the moon. Scientists think you will need a spacesuit, 

not bathing suits!

Going To

Going to is to talk about the future when you know what will happen next because of what you can see happening now.

   You are going to go on holiday.

   (I can see that you are packing a suitcase)

   

   It is going to be a hot day.

   (I can see that the sun is shining.)

This is how you make going to:

   

   He is going to go skiing.

   You are going to be tired tomorrow

   It is not going to be cold today

   They are not going to go to Mars

This is how you make will

  I will be in China next week.

  We will travel into space in the future

  I won´t be at school on Friday

  They won´t send rockets to Venus

Will and Won´t

Will and won´t are to tell people about things in the future

   I will be on holiday next week

   I won´t be in England

   We will see our friends next month

Will and won't are also to say what you think or guess will happen in the future.

   Tourists will stay in hotels on the moon.

   = I think they will stay in hotels but I am not sure.

   Some people won´t like the moon 

   = I do not think everybody will like the moon but I am not sure

  

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