Prepositions and phrases of place, time and movement 

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Mice. Mice - they are everywhere! They are on the table and under my chair

Mice Mice - at half past two I saw one sitting in my shoe

Mice, m¿Mice - running along my garden wall, singing a song 

Mice Mice - on Tuesday morning I saw one in my cupboard, yawning.

Mice Mice - beside my bed, I felt on jump over my head!

Mice Mice - oh why do not you go and live in North Peru?

Prepositions and phrases of place tell you where things are.

Here are some examples: In, On, Under, Next to, Behind, In front of, Opposite, Inside, Outside, Between, Beside.

    There is a mouse under my chair

    There is a mouse in front of the TV

    There are nice beside the bad  

    

Prepositions and phrases of movement tell you how things move and where, they move to. Here are some examples: Over, under, through, along, into, out of, across, round, onto, off, up, down.

    A mouse came out of the kitchen

    It ran round the cupboard.

    I saw it run up the stairs and into my bedroom!

::::    

Prepositions and phrases of time tell you when things happen. Here are some examples: in, on, at, tomorrow, today, yesterday, last week, next week, in the morning, at night, every week.

    I saw a mouse in the afternoon 

    On Tuesday morning I saw him yawning 

    and just last week I saw five more

    Mice always come out at night

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Offers

Offers - Shall - can - would you like

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 -Andres, would you like some candy floss?

-Oh yes, please! I would life the pink candy floss

-Shall I get it for you

-yes, please

Shall and can are to ask if you can do something for somebody 

        Shall I get the candy floss for you ? ¨Yes, please

        Can I help you? Yes, please.

Would.... like + noun is to ask if somebody wants something 

        Would you like a piece of cake? No thank you"

        Would you like an ice cream? "Yes, please"

        Would Andres like some candy floss? Yes, He would love some

Would ... like to + base verb is to ask if somebody wants to do something 

Would you like to see the fortune teller? - Yes, I would love to.

Would  he like to go to the cinema? -"Yes, he would"

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Possibility

Possibility may - might

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- I might be the first buy to fly across the Atlantic ocean

- You might hurt yourself!

- If a big metal Aeroplane can fly, so can I!

-What is the problem Superman?

-I may be wrong

Might and may are to say that you think something is possible.

        You might hurt yourself

        = I am not sure but it is possible that you are going to hurt yourself 

        I may be wrong

        = I am not sure but it is possible that I am wrong

::::::

 What is the difference between May y Might?

Might and may mean almost the same thing It is not important which you use.

        Monica might go to see his friends Billy tomorrow 

        Monica may go to see his friends billy tomorrow .

        =Perhaps Monica will go to see Billy but I m not sure 

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Deduction

Deduction - Must have 

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One of the most famous buildings in the world must be the great pyramid at Giza in Egypt. When you look at it.

you realise that it must have been extremely difficult to build. thousands of people must have worked on it. It is enormous! Until the twentieth century it was the tallest building in the world.

Building things now is quite easy. But it can not have been easy for the ancient Egyptians - they did not have electricity, or tractor, or lorries. So it must have taken a very long time to build, you would think. 

but it did not - it only took thirty years

Must is to say that you are sure something is true. You are sure because of what you now.

        It must be one of the most famous buildings in the world. 

        (I know that most people have seen pictures of it.)

        You are laughing. you must be happy.

        (I know that people who are laughing are usually happy.)

:::

Can not is to say that you are sure something is impossible. You are sure because of what you know.

        It is got a short neck. It cannot be a giraffe.

        ( I know giraffes have got long necks.)

        It is arrange and it tastes horrible. It cannot be milk 

        (I know that milk is white.)

::::

You can make the past if must and cannot like this:

        Must/cannot + have + past participle 

        The pyramid must have been very difficult to build.

        They must have used hundreds of tons of stone.

        It cannot have had tractors or lorries to help them 

::::

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Advice

Advice - should - ought to

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- He is got a gun! He is got a gun! you should run away!

- No, you ought to hide in the cupboard! he won´t find you there!

-SHHHH!

- No, do not do that there is a bomb under the car you should look under the car!

-If I were you, I would be quiet

- What did I do wrong?

- Some people prefer to watch films without listening to you shouting at the actors

Should and ought to are to tell somebody that you think something is a good idea. They mean almost the same thing. It is not important which you use.

    You should run away!

    = I think it is a food idea for you to run away

    

    You ought to hide in the cupboard

    = I think it is good idea to hide in the cupboard

                                          

People often use the expression If I were you to tell somebody that they think something is a good idea

    If I were you, I would be quiet!

    =I think it is good idea for you to stop talking and be quiet

    If I were you, I would hide.

    = I think it is good idea for you to hire 

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Prohibition

Prohibition Must not / Should not

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You must not eat sweets after bedtime your teeth will go rotten and black.

You must not go out with your hair wet or talk to that silly boy, Jimmy

You must not cheat in the classroom, You will get into trouble, you know

You must not lie to your parents or tie the dog´s tail in a bow

You should not drink so many milkshakes, you will turn green and enormously fat

You should not go out in the snow, dear take your cost and a nice woolly hat.

Must not is to tell somebody that they can not do something.

    You must not eat sweets after bedtime

    You must not be late for school

Should not it to tell somebody that you think something is a bad idea

    You should not drink so many milkshakes

    You should not be rude to your grandmother

What is the difference between Should not and Must not?

Must not is stronger than should not.

    You must not drink that liquid - It is dangerous.

    (This librarian says you can not)

    

    You should not eat sweets - They are bad for your teeth.

    (This is what I think: You can eat sweets, but I think it is bad idea)

You can also use not be allowed to to say that you can not do something. Look:

    You are not allowed to talk in the library.

    (This librarian says you can not)

    

    You are nor allowed to eat sweets in class.

    (This teacher says toy can not)

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Obligation

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Congratulation!

You are just bought the best bike

In the world. Your speedy wobbler 

will give you years and years of happy cycling.

Life is easy with a new speedy wobbler.

Do you remember old bicycles? you had to replace bits

when they fell off. With  Andres you don´t have to do

that! It´s all in one piece. If you look after it, nothing will go 

wrong. You can Andres without worrying.

There are just two things you have to remember. before 

every ride you must pump up the tires and you must oil the

chain. Have a happy wobble!

 

Must is to tell somebody what to do.

    You must pump up the tires.

    = The bike maker says you can´t leave the tires flat.

    You must oil the chain.

    = The bike maker says you can´t forget to oil the chain.

Must is also to remind yourself to do things.

    I must feed my dog. He is hungry. 

    = I need to remember to feed my dog.

    I must pump up my tires. they are flat.

    = I need to remember to pump up my tires 

Should is to tell somebody that you think something is a good idea, or to say that you think something is the right thing to do.

    That bike looks dirty. You should wash it.

    = I think it´s a good idea to wash it.

    

    You should be careful when you ride your bike.

    = I think it´s the right thing to do

Have to is to say that you cannot choose what to do. There is only one thing you can do. Something bad will happen if you do not do it. 

    I have to go to school. (I cannot choose to stay at home. If I stay at home, my parents and teacher will be angry.)

Do not have to is to say that you cam choose what to do. Look: 

    It is the weekend tomorrow. I do not have to get up early 

    (I can choose what to do. I can get up early or I can get up late.)

The past of have to is had to, the past of do not have to is did not have to.

I have to wear a uniform at school. (present) 

I had to wear a uniform at school (past)

I do not have to get up early today. (present)

I did not have to get up early yesterday (past)

 

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Requests

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Could you hold this for me?

Can you look after this for me, too, please?

EEEEk! Monica! What have you done to the dining table?

No, mum, I did not saw the led off the dining table, but I think I know who did...

Can, could, will and would are all to ask someone to do something for you. Could and would are more polite than can and will

Can you help me?                                    Will you open the windows, please?

could you pas me that book?                    Would you lend me your pen?

Here more example about WILL and CAN. Learn how you use it.

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Permission 

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- Can I go to the disco tonight? All my friends are allowed to go

- Yes, of course you can

- You can borrow this to wear if you like

Can is to ask someone a question when you want to do something and you want the answer to be "YES".

Can is polite, but if you want to be very polite, use could.

        Can I go to the disco tonight? Yes, you can

        Could I come home at midnight, please? No you can not.

You can also use may to ask somebody if you can do something. 

It means the same as can and could. More people use can or could than may 

        May I go to the disco, please? = Can I go to the disco, please?

        May I borrow your jacket? =  I can not go to the disco

Be allowed to is another way of saying that you can or can not do something. You can use it in the present or the past.

        I am allowed to go to the disco = I can go to the disco.

        I am not allowed to go to the disco = I can not go to the disco.

    His friends were allowed to go last week

    They were not allowed to play loud music last night    

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Ability

Ability Can - Could

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Everybody knows that animals can save people´s lives. St Bernard dogs can find people who are lost in the snow, for example. But did you know that seals could stop people from drowning?

Last week a lady fell into the sea. She could not get back to the beach. She was drowning. Suddenly six seals swam towards her. They made a circle round her and held her close to some rocks. When the lifeboat people arrived they could not believe their eyes. The lady was rescued and the seals swam away.

CAN

Can is to say that you know how to do something. 

Can not is to say that you do not know how to do something.  

            I can write                                Animals can save people´´s lives

            You can not drive a car

Could

Could and could not are ti say that you did or did not know how to do something in the past

            I could ride a bike when I was four

            I could not play the guitar last year.

            The lady could not save herself

Able to

The future of can/can is will/won´t be,, able to.

        Next year I will be able to speak German. I am having some lessons. 

        Next year my brother will be able to ride a motobike.

        He was not able to drive a car. He won´t be old enough

Be careful! Use can or could with these verbs:

        See, hear, smell, taste, feel

    

    I can see the woman in the waves. NOT I am seeing the woman 

    I could hear her shouting for help  NOT  I am hearing her shouting 

    I can smell something burning NOT I am smelling something

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Reported speech part three

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---What is wrong, Ruben?

---I met a terrible lady. She asked me what my mane was.

She wanted to know how old I was. She asked me where I lived.

---Too many questions! I am never going out again

Be careful! When you report questions the order of the words changes. Look:

Speaker                                    Reporter

What is your name?                    She asked me what my name was.

                                                  NOT...  What was my name.

Where do you live?                    She asked me where I lived

                                                  NOT ... where did I live.

Where can I find Monica?           She asked me where she could find Andres

                                                   NOT ... where could she find Monica

You can use the words IF and Whether yo report questions that do not start with a question word (Who, When, What  ETC). Look:

Speaker                                        Reporter 

Are you tired?                                He asked IF I was tired.

Do you want a biscuit?                   He asked whether I wanted a biscuit.

Can you help me?                           He asked IF I could help him

It does not matter which word you use IF and Whether mean the same thing.

:::::

If somebody orders you to do something you can use the verb tell to report it. Look:

        Told + object pronoun + (not) to + base verb

        Speaker                                    Reported

        Stop!                                          He told me to stop

        Be quiet!                                     He told me to be quiet

        Do not do it                                He told me not to do it!

::::::.

If somebody asks you to do something, use the verb ask to report it. Look:

        Asked + object pronoun + to + base verb

 

.    Speaker                                        Reporter

Could you open the window?                  He asked me to open the window

Would you be quiet, please?                    He asked me to be quiet

    

For example

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Reported speech second part

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-What were you doing last night? the noise was terrible

-I discovered a way of sending messages to other planets

-I can not hear What did he say?

-He said he would discovered a way of sending messages to other planets

Reported speech is to tell somebody what a person said to you. When you use reported speech you do two things: you go back a tense and you change the pronouns.

Speaker                                        Reporter 

I am tired                                      He said he was tired

I can not hear                               She said she could not hear                     

I will go to the shop                       He said he would do to the shop 

You already know that the present changes to the past. 

Look what happens to the past simple

Speaker                                        Reporter

I was in the lab                              He said he would been in the lab

I inverted a massage Andres        He said he would invented a Massage Andres

I worked all night                          He said he would worked all night

:::::::::

Change the present perfect to the past perfect, too.

Speaker                                        Reporter

I have been awake all night            He said that he would been awake all night 

I have built a machine                    He said he would built a machine 

:::::

When you use reported speech some words change. 

Learn these ones:

Speaker                    Reporter

Today                        That day

Yesterday                   The day before

Tomorrow                  The next day

This week                  That day

Next week                 The following week

Last week                  The week before

This                            That

These                         Those

I saw him earlier today            He sad he would seen him earlier that day

I left my book here                 He said he would left his book there

I will see you next week         She said she would see me the following week

:::::::::::::::::::::

These are object pronouns:

    Me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them

For example

         

Andres told me he would spoken to lost of astronomers. He told them that he was building a massage-sending machine. They told him they were interested in his ideas. He told them that the machine. They told him they were interested in his ideas. He told them that the machine was not ready yet. He told me he wanted to change to design.

You often use the verb tell (told) in reported speech, there is a difference between tell and say (said). Always put a person´s name or an object pronoun after tell. Never put an object pronoun after say.

He told me he had work to do                Not                He told he had work to do

He said he had work to do                     Not                He said me he had work to do

She told Andres she was going out         Not                 She told she was going out

She said she was going out                     Not                 She said Andres she was going out

 

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Reported speech

      This blog is dedicated to that you can learn English. We have two topics important, you can use any conversation.

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I am ill, please tell mum

OK

What did he say?

He said that he was ill. Do not worry I will look after him

It worked! She believed

Reported speech is to tell somebody what a person said to you. Look:

        Monica says to Andres:

        I am ill. "(Normal speech)"    

        Andres says to Monica mum:

        He said that he was ill. (Reported speech)

This is important. if you remember this, reported speech will be easy. When you use reported speech, you go back a tense. Look:

        Speaker                        Reporter

        I am ill                            He said that he was ill

        I want some milk            She said that she wanted some milk 

        We like chocolate           They said that they liked chocolate

In reported speech the verbs can and will change to could and would 

        I can not go to school                 He said he could not go to school

        We will stay at home                   They said they would stay at home

:::

When you use reported speech you have to change the pronouns. Look:

    I can not move my arms

    He said he could not move hit arms

    I want your sweets

    She said she wanted my sweets 

What is the difference ?

You can use that reported speech, but it does not matter if you leave it out.

    

    Monica said he was ill.

    Monica said that he was ill

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